Line data Source code
1 : // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
2 : /*
3 : * linux/fs/char_dev.c
4 : *
5 : * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
6 : */
7 :
8 : #include <linux/init.h>
9 : #include <linux/fs.h>
10 : #include <linux/kdev_t.h>
11 : #include <linux/slab.h>
12 : #include <linux/string.h>
13 :
14 : #include <linux/major.h>
15 : #include <linux/errno.h>
16 : #include <linux/module.h>
17 : #include <linux/seq_file.h>
18 :
19 : #include <linux/kobject.h>
20 : #include <linux/kobj_map.h>
21 : #include <linux/cdev.h>
22 : #include <linux/mutex.h>
23 : #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
24 : #include <linux/tty.h>
25 :
26 : #include "internal.h"
27 :
28 : static struct kobj_map *cdev_map;
29 :
30 : static DEFINE_MUTEX(chrdevs_lock);
31 :
32 : #define CHRDEV_MAJOR_HASH_SIZE 255
33 :
34 : static struct char_device_struct {
35 : struct char_device_struct *next;
36 : unsigned int major;
37 : unsigned int baseminor;
38 : int minorct;
39 : char name[64];
40 : struct cdev *cdev; /* will die */
41 : } *chrdevs[CHRDEV_MAJOR_HASH_SIZE];
42 :
43 : /* index in the above */
44 13 : static inline int major_to_index(unsigned major)
45 : {
46 13 : return major % CHRDEV_MAJOR_HASH_SIZE;
47 : }
48 :
49 : #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
50 :
51 0 : void chrdev_show(struct seq_file *f, off_t offset)
52 : {
53 0 : struct char_device_struct *cd;
54 :
55 0 : mutex_lock(&chrdevs_lock);
56 0 : for (cd = chrdevs[major_to_index(offset)]; cd; cd = cd->next) {
57 0 : if (cd->major == offset)
58 0 : seq_printf(f, "%3d %s\n", cd->major, cd->name);
59 : }
60 0 : mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
61 0 : }
62 :
63 : #endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */
64 :
65 1 : static int find_dynamic_major(void)
66 : {
67 1 : int i;
68 1 : struct char_device_struct *cd;
69 :
70 1 : for (i = ARRAY_SIZE(chrdevs)-1; i >= CHRDEV_MAJOR_DYN_END; i--) {
71 1 : if (chrdevs[i] == NULL)
72 1 : return i;
73 : }
74 :
75 0 : for (i = CHRDEV_MAJOR_DYN_EXT_START;
76 0 : i >= CHRDEV_MAJOR_DYN_EXT_END; i--) {
77 0 : for (cd = chrdevs[major_to_index(i)]; cd; cd = cd->next)
78 0 : if (cd->major == i)
79 : break;
80 :
81 0 : if (cd == NULL)
82 0 : return i;
83 : }
84 :
85 : return -EBUSY;
86 : }
87 :
88 : /*
89 : * Register a single major with a specified minor range.
90 : *
91 : * If major == 0 this function will dynamically allocate an unused major.
92 : * If major > 0 this function will attempt to reserve the range of minors
93 : * with given major.
94 : *
95 : */
96 : static struct char_device_struct *
97 13 : __register_chrdev_region(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,
98 : int minorct, const char *name)
99 : {
100 13 : struct char_device_struct *cd, *curr, *prev = NULL;
101 13 : int ret;
102 13 : int i;
103 :
104 13 : if (major >= CHRDEV_MAJOR_MAX) {
105 0 : pr_err("CHRDEV \"%s\" major requested (%u) is greater than the maximum (%u)\n",
106 : name, major, CHRDEV_MAJOR_MAX-1);
107 0 : return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
108 : }
109 :
110 13 : if (minorct > MINORMASK + 1 - baseminor) {
111 0 : pr_err("CHRDEV \"%s\" minor range requested (%u-%u) is out of range of maximum range (%u-%u) for a single major\n",
112 : name, baseminor, baseminor + minorct - 1, 0, MINORMASK);
113 0 : return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
114 : }
115 :
116 13 : cd = kzalloc(sizeof(struct char_device_struct), GFP_KERNEL);
117 13 : if (cd == NULL)
118 13 : return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
119 :
120 13 : mutex_lock(&chrdevs_lock);
121 :
122 13 : if (major == 0) {
123 1 : ret = find_dynamic_major();
124 1 : if (ret < 0) {
125 0 : pr_err("CHRDEV \"%s\" dynamic allocation region is full\n",
126 : name);
127 0 : goto out;
128 : }
129 1 : major = ret;
130 : }
131 :
132 13 : ret = -EBUSY;
133 13 : i = major_to_index(major);
134 19 : for (curr = chrdevs[i]; curr; prev = curr, curr = curr->next) {
135 6 : if (curr->major < major)
136 0 : continue;
137 :
138 6 : if (curr->major > major)
139 : break;
140 :
141 6 : if (curr->baseminor + curr->minorct <= baseminor)
142 6 : continue;
143 :
144 0 : if (curr->baseminor >= baseminor + minorct)
145 : break;
146 :
147 0 : goto out;
148 : }
149 :
150 13 : cd->major = major;
151 13 : cd->baseminor = baseminor;
152 13 : cd->minorct = minorct;
153 13 : strlcpy(cd->name, name, sizeof(cd->name));
154 :
155 13 : if (!prev) {
156 9 : cd->next = curr;
157 9 : chrdevs[i] = cd;
158 : } else {
159 4 : cd->next = prev->next;
160 4 : prev->next = cd;
161 : }
162 :
163 13 : mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
164 13 : return cd;
165 0 : out:
166 0 : mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
167 0 : kfree(cd);
168 0 : return ERR_PTR(ret);
169 : }
170 :
171 : static struct char_device_struct *
172 0 : __unregister_chrdev_region(unsigned major, unsigned baseminor, int minorct)
173 : {
174 0 : struct char_device_struct *cd = NULL, **cp;
175 0 : int i = major_to_index(major);
176 :
177 0 : mutex_lock(&chrdevs_lock);
178 0 : for (cp = &chrdevs[i]; *cp; cp = &(*cp)->next)
179 0 : if ((*cp)->major == major &&
180 0 : (*cp)->baseminor == baseminor &&
181 0 : (*cp)->minorct == minorct)
182 : break;
183 0 : if (*cp) {
184 0 : cd = *cp;
185 0 : *cp = cd->next;
186 : }
187 0 : mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
188 0 : return cd;
189 : }
190 :
191 : /**
192 : * register_chrdev_region() - register a range of device numbers
193 : * @from: the first in the desired range of device numbers; must include
194 : * the major number.
195 : * @count: the number of consecutive device numbers required
196 : * @name: the name of the device or driver.
197 : *
198 : * Return value is zero on success, a negative error code on failure.
199 : */
200 9 : int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name)
201 : {
202 9 : struct char_device_struct *cd;
203 9 : dev_t to = from + count;
204 9 : dev_t n, next;
205 :
206 18 : for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
207 9 : next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
208 9 : if (next > to)
209 : next = to;
210 18 : cd = __register_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n),
211 9 : next - n, name);
212 9 : if (IS_ERR(cd))
213 0 : goto fail;
214 : }
215 : return 0;
216 0 : fail:
217 0 : to = n;
218 0 : for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
219 0 : next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
220 0 : kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n), next - n));
221 : }
222 0 : return PTR_ERR(cd);
223 : }
224 :
225 : /**
226 : * alloc_chrdev_region() - register a range of char device numbers
227 : * @dev: output parameter for first assigned number
228 : * @baseminor: first of the requested range of minor numbers
229 : * @count: the number of minor numbers required
230 : * @name: the name of the associated device or driver
231 : *
232 : * Allocates a range of char device numbers. The major number will be
233 : * chosen dynamically, and returned (along with the first minor number)
234 : * in @dev. Returns zero or a negative error code.
235 : */
236 1 : int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count,
237 : const char *name)
238 : {
239 1 : struct char_device_struct *cd;
240 1 : cd = __register_chrdev_region(0, baseminor, count, name);
241 1 : if (IS_ERR(cd))
242 0 : return PTR_ERR(cd);
243 1 : *dev = MKDEV(cd->major, cd->baseminor);
244 1 : return 0;
245 : }
246 :
247 : /**
248 : * __register_chrdev() - create and register a cdev occupying a range of minors
249 : * @major: major device number or 0 for dynamic allocation
250 : * @baseminor: first of the requested range of minor numbers
251 : * @count: the number of minor numbers required
252 : * @name: name of this range of devices
253 : * @fops: file operations associated with this devices
254 : *
255 : * If @major == 0 this functions will dynamically allocate a major and return
256 : * its number.
257 : *
258 : * If @major > 0 this function will attempt to reserve a device with the given
259 : * major number and will return zero on success.
260 : *
261 : * Returns a -ve errno on failure.
262 : *
263 : * The name of this device has nothing to do with the name of the device in
264 : * /dev. It only helps to keep track of the different owners of devices. If
265 : * your module name has only one type of devices it's ok to use e.g. the name
266 : * of the module here.
267 : */
268 3 : int __register_chrdev(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,
269 : unsigned int count, const char *name,
270 : const struct file_operations *fops)
271 : {
272 3 : struct char_device_struct *cd;
273 3 : struct cdev *cdev;
274 3 : int err = -ENOMEM;
275 :
276 3 : cd = __register_chrdev_region(major, baseminor, count, name);
277 3 : if (IS_ERR(cd))
278 0 : return PTR_ERR(cd);
279 :
280 3 : cdev = cdev_alloc();
281 3 : if (!cdev)
282 0 : goto out2;
283 :
284 3 : cdev->owner = fops->owner;
285 3 : cdev->ops = fops;
286 3 : kobject_set_name(&cdev->kobj, "%s", name);
287 :
288 3 : err = cdev_add(cdev, MKDEV(cd->major, baseminor), count);
289 3 : if (err)
290 0 : goto out;
291 :
292 3 : cd->cdev = cdev;
293 :
294 3 : return major ? 0 : cd->major;
295 0 : out:
296 0 : kobject_put(&cdev->kobj);
297 0 : out2:
298 0 : kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(cd->major, baseminor, count));
299 0 : return err;
300 : }
301 :
302 : /**
303 : * unregister_chrdev_region() - unregister a range of device numbers
304 : * @from: the first in the range of numbers to unregister
305 : * @count: the number of device numbers to unregister
306 : *
307 : * This function will unregister a range of @count device numbers,
308 : * starting with @from. The caller should normally be the one who
309 : * allocated those numbers in the first place...
310 : */
311 0 : void unregister_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count)
312 : {
313 0 : dev_t to = from + count;
314 0 : dev_t n, next;
315 :
316 0 : for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
317 0 : next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
318 0 : if (next > to)
319 : next = to;
320 0 : kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n), next - n));
321 : }
322 0 : }
323 :
324 : /**
325 : * __unregister_chrdev - unregister and destroy a cdev
326 : * @major: major device number
327 : * @baseminor: first of the range of minor numbers
328 : * @count: the number of minor numbers this cdev is occupying
329 : * @name: name of this range of devices
330 : *
331 : * Unregister and destroy the cdev occupying the region described by
332 : * @major, @baseminor and @count. This function undoes what
333 : * __register_chrdev() did.
334 : */
335 0 : void __unregister_chrdev(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,
336 : unsigned int count, const char *name)
337 : {
338 0 : struct char_device_struct *cd;
339 :
340 0 : cd = __unregister_chrdev_region(major, baseminor, count);
341 0 : if (cd && cd->cdev)
342 0 : cdev_del(cd->cdev);
343 0 : kfree(cd);
344 0 : }
345 :
346 : static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(cdev_lock);
347 :
348 410 : static struct kobject *cdev_get(struct cdev *p)
349 : {
350 410 : struct module *owner = p->owner;
351 410 : struct kobject *kobj;
352 :
353 410 : if (owner && !try_module_get(owner))
354 : return NULL;
355 820 : kobj = kobject_get_unless_zero(&p->kobj);
356 410 : if (!kobj)
357 410 : module_put(owner);
358 410 : return kobj;
359 : }
360 :
361 793 : void cdev_put(struct cdev *p)
362 : {
363 365 : if (p) {
364 383 : struct module *owner = p->owner;
365 383 : kobject_put(&p->kobj);
366 383 : module_put(owner);
367 : }
368 365 : }
369 :
370 : /*
371 : * Called every time a character special file is opened
372 : */
373 410 : static int chrdev_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
374 : {
375 410 : const struct file_operations *fops;
376 410 : struct cdev *p;
377 410 : struct cdev *new = NULL;
378 410 : int ret = 0;
379 :
380 410 : spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
381 410 : p = inode->i_cdev;
382 410 : if (!p) {
383 14 : struct kobject *kobj;
384 14 : int idx;
385 14 : spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
386 14 : kobj = kobj_lookup(cdev_map, inode->i_rdev, &idx);
387 14 : if (!kobj)
388 0 : return -ENXIO;
389 14 : new = container_of(kobj, struct cdev, kobj);
390 14 : spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
391 : /* Check i_cdev again in case somebody beat us to it while
392 : we dropped the lock. */
393 14 : p = inode->i_cdev;
394 14 : if (!p) {
395 14 : inode->i_cdev = p = new;
396 14 : list_add(&inode->i_devices, &p->list);
397 14 : new = NULL;
398 0 : } else if (!cdev_get(p))
399 0 : ret = -ENXIO;
400 396 : } else if (!cdev_get(p))
401 0 : ret = -ENXIO;
402 410 : spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
403 410 : cdev_put(new);
404 410 : if (ret)
405 : return ret;
406 :
407 410 : ret = -ENXIO;
408 410 : fops = fops_get(p->ops);
409 410 : if (!fops)
410 0 : goto out_cdev_put;
411 :
412 410 : replace_fops(filp, fops);
413 410 : if (filp->f_op->open) {
414 410 : ret = filp->f_op->open(inode, filp);
415 410 : if (ret)
416 18 : goto out_cdev_put;
417 : }
418 :
419 : return 0;
420 :
421 18 : out_cdev_put:
422 18 : cdev_put(p);
423 : return ret;
424 : }
425 :
426 0 : void cd_forget(struct inode *inode)
427 : {
428 0 : spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
429 0 : list_del_init(&inode->i_devices);
430 0 : inode->i_cdev = NULL;
431 0 : inode->i_mapping = &inode->i_data;
432 0 : spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
433 0 : }
434 :
435 0 : static void cdev_purge(struct cdev *cdev)
436 : {
437 0 : spin_lock(&cdev_lock);
438 0 : while (!list_empty(&cdev->list)) {
439 0 : struct inode *inode;
440 0 : inode = container_of(cdev->list.next, struct inode, i_devices);
441 0 : list_del_init(&inode->i_devices);
442 0 : inode->i_cdev = NULL;
443 : }
444 0 : spin_unlock(&cdev_lock);
445 0 : }
446 :
447 : /*
448 : * Dummy default file-operations: the only thing this does
449 : * is contain the open that then fills in the correct operations
450 : * depending on the special file...
451 : */
452 : const struct file_operations def_chr_fops = {
453 : .open = chrdev_open,
454 : .llseek = noop_llseek,
455 : };
456 :
457 14 : static struct kobject *exact_match(dev_t dev, int *part, void *data)
458 : {
459 14 : struct cdev *p = data;
460 14 : return &p->kobj;
461 : }
462 :
463 14 : static int exact_lock(dev_t dev, void *data)
464 : {
465 14 : struct cdev *p = data;
466 14 : return cdev_get(p) ? 0 : -1;
467 : }
468 :
469 : /**
470 : * cdev_add() - add a char device to the system
471 : * @p: the cdev structure for the device
472 : * @dev: the first device number for which this device is responsible
473 : * @count: the number of consecutive minor numbers corresponding to this
474 : * device
475 : *
476 : * cdev_add() adds the device represented by @p to the system, making it
477 : * live immediately. A negative error code is returned on failure.
478 : */
479 76 : int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count)
480 : {
481 76 : int error;
482 :
483 76 : p->dev = dev;
484 76 : p->count = count;
485 :
486 76 : if (WARN_ON(dev == WHITEOUT_DEV))
487 : return -EBUSY;
488 :
489 76 : error = kobj_map(cdev_map, dev, count, NULL,
490 : exact_match, exact_lock, p);
491 76 : if (error)
492 : return error;
493 :
494 76 : kobject_get(p->kobj.parent);
495 :
496 76 : return 0;
497 : }
498 :
499 : /**
500 : * cdev_set_parent() - set the parent kobject for a char device
501 : * @p: the cdev structure
502 : * @kobj: the kobject to take a reference to
503 : *
504 : * cdev_set_parent() sets a parent kobject which will be referenced
505 : * appropriately so the parent is not freed before the cdev. This
506 : * should be called before cdev_add.
507 : */
508 0 : void cdev_set_parent(struct cdev *p, struct kobject *kobj)
509 : {
510 0 : WARN_ON(!kobj->state_initialized);
511 0 : p->kobj.parent = kobj;
512 0 : }
513 :
514 : /**
515 : * cdev_device_add() - add a char device and it's corresponding
516 : * struct device, linkink
517 : * @dev: the device structure
518 : * @cdev: the cdev structure
519 : *
520 : * cdev_device_add() adds the char device represented by @cdev to the system,
521 : * just as cdev_add does. It then adds @dev to the system using device_add
522 : * The dev_t for the char device will be taken from the struct device which
523 : * needs to be initialized first. This helper function correctly takes a
524 : * reference to the parent device so the parent will not get released until
525 : * all references to the cdev are released.
526 : *
527 : * This helper uses dev->devt for the device number. If it is not set
528 : * it will not add the cdev and it will be equivalent to device_add.
529 : *
530 : * This function should be used whenever the struct cdev and the
531 : * struct device are members of the same structure whose lifetime is
532 : * managed by the struct device.
533 : *
534 : * NOTE: Callers must assume that userspace was able to open the cdev and
535 : * can call cdev fops callbacks at any time, even if this function fails.
536 : */
537 0 : int cdev_device_add(struct cdev *cdev, struct device *dev)
538 : {
539 0 : int rc = 0;
540 :
541 0 : if (dev->devt) {
542 0 : cdev_set_parent(cdev, &dev->kobj);
543 :
544 0 : rc = cdev_add(cdev, dev->devt, 1);
545 0 : if (rc)
546 : return rc;
547 : }
548 :
549 0 : rc = device_add(dev);
550 0 : if (rc)
551 0 : cdev_del(cdev);
552 :
553 : return rc;
554 : }
555 :
556 : /**
557 : * cdev_device_del() - inverse of cdev_device_add
558 : * @dev: the device structure
559 : * @cdev: the cdev structure
560 : *
561 : * cdev_device_del() is a helper function to call cdev_del and device_del.
562 : * It should be used whenever cdev_device_add is used.
563 : *
564 : * If dev->devt is not set it will not remove the cdev and will be equivalent
565 : * to device_del.
566 : *
567 : * NOTE: This guarantees that associated sysfs callbacks are not running
568 : * or runnable, however any cdevs already open will remain and their fops
569 : * will still be callable even after this function returns.
570 : */
571 0 : void cdev_device_del(struct cdev *cdev, struct device *dev)
572 : {
573 0 : device_del(dev);
574 0 : if (dev->devt)
575 0 : cdev_del(cdev);
576 0 : }
577 :
578 0 : static void cdev_unmap(dev_t dev, unsigned count)
579 : {
580 0 : kobj_unmap(cdev_map, dev, count);
581 : }
582 :
583 : /**
584 : * cdev_del() - remove a cdev from the system
585 : * @p: the cdev structure to be removed
586 : *
587 : * cdev_del() removes @p from the system, possibly freeing the structure
588 : * itself.
589 : *
590 : * NOTE: This guarantees that cdev device will no longer be able to be
591 : * opened, however any cdevs already open will remain and their fops will
592 : * still be callable even after cdev_del returns.
593 : */
594 0 : void cdev_del(struct cdev *p)
595 : {
596 0 : cdev_unmap(p->dev, p->count);
597 0 : kobject_put(&p->kobj);
598 0 : }
599 :
600 :
601 0 : static void cdev_default_release(struct kobject *kobj)
602 : {
603 0 : struct cdev *p = container_of(kobj, struct cdev, kobj);
604 0 : struct kobject *parent = kobj->parent;
605 :
606 0 : cdev_purge(p);
607 0 : kobject_put(parent);
608 0 : }
609 :
610 0 : static void cdev_dynamic_release(struct kobject *kobj)
611 : {
612 0 : struct cdev *p = container_of(kobj, struct cdev, kobj);
613 0 : struct kobject *parent = kobj->parent;
614 :
615 0 : cdev_purge(p);
616 0 : kfree(p);
617 0 : kobject_put(parent);
618 0 : }
619 :
620 : static struct kobj_type ktype_cdev_default = {
621 : .release = cdev_default_release,
622 : };
623 :
624 : static struct kobj_type ktype_cdev_dynamic = {
625 : .release = cdev_dynamic_release,
626 : };
627 :
628 : /**
629 : * cdev_alloc() - allocate a cdev structure
630 : *
631 : * Allocates and returns a cdev structure, or NULL on failure.
632 : */
633 72 : struct cdev *cdev_alloc(void)
634 : {
635 72 : struct cdev *p = kzalloc(sizeof(struct cdev), GFP_KERNEL);
636 72 : if (p) {
637 72 : INIT_LIST_HEAD(&p->list);
638 72 : kobject_init(&p->kobj, &ktype_cdev_dynamic);
639 : }
640 72 : return p;
641 : }
642 :
643 : /**
644 : * cdev_init() - initialize a cdev structure
645 : * @cdev: the structure to initialize
646 : * @fops: the file_operations for this device
647 : *
648 : * Initializes @cdev, remembering @fops, making it ready to add to the
649 : * system with cdev_add().
650 : */
651 4 : void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops)
652 : {
653 4 : memset(cdev, 0, sizeof *cdev);
654 4 : INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cdev->list);
655 4 : kobject_init(&cdev->kobj, &ktype_cdev_default);
656 4 : cdev->ops = fops;
657 4 : }
658 :
659 0 : static struct kobject *base_probe(dev_t dev, int *part, void *data)
660 : {
661 0 : if (request_module("char-major-%d-%d", MAJOR(dev), MINOR(dev)) > 0)
662 : /* Make old-style 2.4 aliases work */
663 0 : request_module("char-major-%d", MAJOR(dev));
664 0 : return NULL;
665 : }
666 :
667 1 : void __init chrdev_init(void)
668 : {
669 1 : cdev_map = kobj_map_init(base_probe, &chrdevs_lock);
670 1 : }
671 :
672 :
673 : /* Let modules do char dev stuff */
674 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_chrdev_region);
675 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_chrdev_region);
676 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(alloc_chrdev_region);
677 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_init);
678 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_alloc);
679 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_del);
680 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_add);
681 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_set_parent);
682 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_device_add);
683 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(cdev_device_del);
684 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(__register_chrdev);
685 : EXPORT_SYMBOL(__unregister_chrdev);
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